Thyroid Auto Antibodies (Anti-TG & Anti-TPO)
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🧪 What are Thyroid Autoantibodies?
- Anti-Thyroglobulin (Anti-TG) Antibodies: Autoantibodies directed against thyroglobulin, a precursor protein involved in thyroid hormone synthesis.
- Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (Anti-TPO) Antibodies: Autoantibodies targeting thyroid peroxidase (TPO), an enzyme critical for the production of thyroid hormones.
Both are markers of autoimmune thyroid disease.
❓ Why are These Tests Done?
To:
- Diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease.
- Evaluate the cause of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism).
- Assess risk of thyroiditis in patients with other autoimmune disorders.
- Aid in the diagnosis of thyroiditis in pregnancy and predict postpartum thyroiditis.
- Assist in prognosis and treatment decisions.
📊 Normal Range
Antibody | Reference Range |
|---|---|
Anti-TPO | < 35 IU/mL (varies by lab) |
Anti-TG | < 40 IU/mL (varies by lab) |
📈 Interpretation of Results
Result | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|
Positive Anti-TPO | Highly suggestive of autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s, Graves’) |
Positive Anti-TG | Supports diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease; may correlate with severity |
Negative antibodies | Does not rule out thyroid disease; clinical correlation needed |
🧠 Associated Conditions
Condition | Details |
|---|---|
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | Most common cause of hypothyroidism; high Anti-TPO and Anti-TG |
Graves’ disease | Hyperthyroidism with positive Anti-TPO (sometimes Anti-TG) |
Postpartum thyroiditis | Autoimmune thyroiditis occurring after pregnancy |
Other autoimmune diseases | May coexist with lupus, type 1 diabetes, etc. |
🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests
- Thyroid function tests (TSH, Free T4, Free T3)
- Ultrasound thyroid – assess thyroid morphology
- Thyroid uptake scan – differentiate Graves’ disease vs thyroiditis
- Other autoimmune markers (ANA, etc.) if systemic autoimmune disease suspected
✅ Fasting Required?
Test | Fasting Required |
|---|---|
Anti-TPO & Anti-TG | ❌ No |
📝 Summary Table
Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
What | Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase |
Why | Diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases |
Normal Range | Anti-TPO: <35 IU/mL; Anti-TG: <40 IU/mL |
Positive Result | Indicates autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s, Graves’) |
Associated Conditions | Autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, postpartum thyroiditis |
Follow-up Tests | Thyroid hormones, ultrasound, uptake scan |
Fasting Required | ❌ No |
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