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ABO Blood Group and Rh Type

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Report in 4Hrs

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No Fasting Required

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To determine a person’s blood type for transfusions, pregnancy, or medical procedures

₹79₹220

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ABO Blood Group and Rh Type - Comprehensive Medical Test Information Guide

  • Why is it done?
    • Test Purpose: Determines an individual's blood type by identifying the presence or absence of ABO antigens (A, B, and AB) and Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells. This test categorizes blood into eight main types: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB-.
    • Blood Transfusions: Essential for identifying compatible blood for recipients and donors; critical for emergency medical situations and planned surgical procedures.
    • Organ Transplantation: Determines compatibility before kidney, heart, liver, and other organ transplants to prevent rejection.
    • Pregnancy Monitoring: Identifies Rh-negative pregnant women at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and determines need for RhIG (Rh immunoglobulin) prophylaxis.
    • Hemolytic Disease Prevention: Screens for risk of transfusion reactions and maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility.
    • Routine Hospital Admission: Standard pre-operative testing before any surgical procedure requiring potential blood transfusion support.
    • Paternity Testing: Used as preliminary screening in parentage determination cases.
  • Normal Range
    • ABO Blood Groups (Normal Results):
      • Type O: No A or B antigens present on red blood cells (approximately 45% of population); universal donor for red blood cells
      • Type A: A antigens present; has anti-B antibodies (approximately 40% of population)
      • Type B: B antigens present; has anti-A antibodies (approximately 11% of population)
      • Type AB: Both A and B antigens present; has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies (approximately 4% of population); universal recipient
    • Rh Factor (Normal Results):
      • Rh Positive (+): D antigen present on red blood cells (approximately 85% of population); denoted as Rh(D) positive
      • Rh Negative (-): D antigen absent on red blood cells (approximately 15% of population); denoted as Rh(D) negative
    • Complete Blood Type Categories: Results reported as combination: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, or AB-. All results are considered 'normal' findings; no abnormal values exist for blood type.
    • Reference Standard: Test is qualitative (presence/absence of antigens) rather than quantitative; no numeric values or ranges. Individual blood type remains constant throughout lifetime.
  • Interpretation
    • Blood Type Compatibility and Transfusion Implications:
      • Type O+ (Universal RBC Donor): Can donate to all blood types. Can receive from O+ and O-.
      • Type O- (Universal Donor): Can donate to all blood types; highly valuable in emergency situations. Can only receive from O-.
      • Type A+ : Can donate to A+ and AB+. Can receive from O+, O-, A+, A-.
      • Type A-: Can donate to A+, A-, AB+, AB-. Can receive from O-, A-.
      • Type B+: Can donate to B+ and AB+. Can receive from O+, O-, B+, B-.
      • Type B-: Can donate to B+, B-, AB+, AB-. Can receive from O-, B-.
      • Type AB+ (Universal Recipient): Can receive from all blood types. Can only donate to AB+.
      • Type AB-: Can receive from O-, A-, B-, AB-. Can donate to AB+, AB-.
    • Rh Factor Clinical Significance:
      • Rh Positive: Naturally compatible with both Rh+ and Rh- recipients in most situations. No naturally occurring anti-D antibodies.
      • Rh Negative: Risk of alloimmunization if exposed to Rh+ blood; develops anti-D antibodies after sensitization. Pregnant Rh- women require monitoring and RhIG prophylaxis to prevent hemolytic disease.
    • Pregnancy-Related Interpretation:
      • Rh- Pregnant Women with Rh+ Partner: Risk of fetal alloimmunization; requires RhIG (Rh immunoglobulin) injection at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery to prevent Rh sensitization and hemolytic disease in future pregnancies.
      • ABO Incompatibility: Occurs when mother has type O and infant has type A or B; usually mild due to presence of IgM antibodies that don't cross placenta well.
    • Factors Affecting Test Results:
      • Genetic inheritance: Blood type determined by genetic factors; unchanged throughout life
      • Previous transfusions: May cause alloimmunization and development of irregular antibodies
      • Certain medications: Blood-thinning agents do not affect test results
      • Rare blood group variants: Weak A or B antigens may require specialized testing
      • Sample handling: Improper sample collection or hemolysis may necessitate recollection
  • Associated Organs
    • Primary Organ Systems Involved:
      • Hematopoietic System (Bone Marrow): Primary site of red blood cell production; determines ABO and Rh antigen expression on RBC membranes
      • Circulating Blood and Red Blood Cells: Carries ABO and Rh antigens; test directly analyzes RBC membrane characteristics
      • Immune System (Spleen, Lymphoid Tissue): Produces naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies; involved in alloimmunization responses
      • Placenta (In Pregnancy): Interface where maternal and fetal blood may mix; relevant for Rh incompatibility and hemolytic disease assessment
    • Medical Conditions Associated with Abnormal Compatibility:
      • Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions: Immediate or delayed reactions when incompatible blood is transfused; can cause hemolysis of red blood cells, kidney damage, shock, and death
      • Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Occurs when maternal and fetal blood types are incompatible; most commonly Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility; can cause jaundice, anemia, hydrops fetalis, and fetal death
      • Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Rh Disease): Severe form of HDN affecting Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive infants; maternal anti-D antibodies cross placenta and attack fetal red blood cells
      • Post-Transfusion Complications: Alloimmunization, development of irregular antibodies, and chronic hemolytic anemia in multiply transfused patients
      • Organ Transplant Rejection: Incompatible ABO blood type increases risk of hyperacute and acute rejection of transplanted organs
    • Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring:
      • Blood type does not diagnose diseases but is essential for safe management of conditions requiring transfusion support (cancer, severe anemia, trauma, surgery)
      • Used in monitoring high-risk pregnant patients to prevent maternal immunization and hemolytic disease
      • Essential in evaluating patients with unexplained jaundice or hemolysis to rule out blood group incompatibility
    • Potential Complications from Incompatibility:
      • Acute hemolysis with hemoglobinuria and acute kidney injury
      • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and bleeding complications
      • Septic shock and cardiovascular collapse
      • Fetal hydrops and intrauterine fetal death
      • Neonatal kernicterus from severe hyperbilirubinemia
      • Chronic hemolytic anemia in severely transfused patients
  • Follow-up Tests
    • Antibody Screening and Identification:
      • Indirect Coombs Test (IAT): Detects irregular antibodies in patient serum; recommended for all patients before transfusion to identify risk of transfusion reactions
      • Antibody Panel: Identifies specific irregular antibodies to select compatible blood for transfusion if positive screen
    • Crossmatching Tests:
      • Serologic Crossmatch: Tests patient serum against donor RBCs to ensure compatibility before transfusion; performed before each blood transfusion
      • Electronic/Computer Crossmatch: Computer verification of ABO/Rh type and antibody screening when results are negative; faster alternative to serologic crossmatch
    • Pregnancy-Related Follow-up Tests:
      • Rh Antibody Titer: Measures level of anti-D antibodies in Rh- pregnant women; indicates severity of hemolytic disease risk; monitored at 28 weeks and throughout third trimester if elevated
      • Kleihauer-Betke Test: Detects fetal-maternal hemorrhage; used to calculate RhIG dose needed after delivery or sensitizing events (amniocentesis, hemorrhage) in Rh- mothers
      • Ultrasound Monitoring: Serial ultrasounds assess for fetal hydrops, ascites, and cardiac failure in pregnancies with high antibody titers
      • Amniocentesis: Measures bilirubin levels in amniotic fluid (OD450 analysis) to assess severity of hemolytic disease
    • Neonatal Follow-up Tests:
      • Neonatal ABO/Rh Typing: Performed on cord blood of at-risk infants; compares with maternal type to confirm incompatibility
      • Direct Coombs Test (DAT): Detects maternal IgG antibodies coating infant RBCs; positive results confirm hemolytic disease diagnosis
      • Serum Bilirubin and Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry: Monitors for jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia; guides phototherapy or exchange transfusion decisions
      • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Assesses for anemia from hemolysis; reticulocyte count elevated in response to RBC destruction
    • Other Related Tests:
      • HLA Typing (Human Leukocyte Antigen): Required for organ and tissue transplantation along with ABO/Rh typing
      • Type and Screen vs Type and Crossmatch: Type and screen performed when transfusion is possible but not immediately needed; full crossmatch performed for anticipated transfusion
    • Monitoring Frequency:
      • Pregnant Rh- women: Initial testing, repeated at 28 weeks if negative, and at delivery
      • Rh- patients requiring transfusion: Type and screen before each unit; antibody recheck every 72 hours after transfusion
      • Transplant candidates: ABO/Rh and HLA typing performed once; rechecked if significant time elapsed since original test
  • Fasting Required?
    • Fasting Status: NO - Fasting is not required for ABO blood group and Rh type testing.
    • Reason: Blood type is a genetic characteristic of red blood cells that does not fluctuate with food intake, hydration status, or circadian rhythms. Test analyzes antigens on RBC membranes, which remain constant regardless of fasting state.
    • Patient Preparation:
      • May eat and drink normally before blood draw; no dietary restrictions necessary
      • Adequate hydration is recommended for easier blood collection
      • Inform phlebotomist of any arm discomfort, previous difficult draws, or needle anxiety
      • Wear loose-fitting clothing on arms for comfortable blood draw access
      • Avoid heavy exercise immediately before the test
    • Medications:
      • No medications need to be avoided before this test
      • Blood-thinning medications (warfarin, DOACs, aspirin) do not affect blood typing results; continue as normally prescribed
      • Inform healthcare provider of all current medications for complete medical history
    • Sample Collection:
      • Small blood sample collected by venipuncture into EDTA (purple-top) tube or serum (gold-top) tube per laboratory protocol
      • Typically requires only 3-5 mL of blood
      • Can be collected from finger stick for emergency situations or cord blood during delivery
      • Proper patient identification and specimen labeling are critical to prevent errors
    • Test Timing and Results:
      • Results typically available within minutes to 1 hour for routine testing
      • Emergency 'type and screen' can be available in 5-10 minutes if incompatible blood is needed
      • Full crossmatch typically completes within 30-45 minutes

How our test process works!

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