Anti-microsomal antibodies
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Anti-microsomal antibodies are autoantibodies that target thyroid peroxidase (TPO) — an enzyme located on thyroid microsomes essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
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🧪 Anti-Microsomal Antibodies Test (Anti-TPO)
Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
Also Known As | Anti-Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies, Anti-TPO Antibodies |
Sample Type | Blood (Serum) |
Fasting Required | ❌ Not required |
Method | ELISA or Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA) |
Turnaround Time | 1–2 days |
🔬 What Are Anti-Microsomal Antibodies?
Anti-microsomal antibodies are autoantibodies that target thyroid peroxidase (TPO) — an enzyme located on thyroid microsomes essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These antibodies are commonly produced in autoimmune thyroid conditions.
In modern practice, “anti-microsomal antibodies” and “anti-TPO antibodies” are used interchangeably.
🧠 Organ Involved
- Thyroid gland
The antibodies attack thyroid tissue, leading to inflammation and damage, often resulting in hypothyroidism or less commonly hyperthyroidism.
🎯 Why Is This Test Done?
Purpose | Use Case |
|---|---|
✅ Diagnose autoimmune thyroid disease | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease |
📉 Investigate hypothyroidism | Especially with high TSH or goiter |
👶 Monitor thyroid risk in pregnancy | Associated with increased miscarriage risk |
🔁 Track autoimmune thyroid activity | Assess disease progression or post-treatment recurrence |
🧬 Associated Conditions
Condition | Relation to Anti-Microsomal Antibodies |
|---|---|
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | >90% have high anti-TPO/anti-microsomal antibodies |
Graves’ disease | ~50–80% may test positive |
Postpartum thyroiditis | Often positive |
Other autoimmune diseases | Can appear in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes |
📊 Interpretation
Level | Possible Meaning |
|---|---|
Negative (<35 IU/mL) | No significant thyroid autoimmunity |
Mild Elevation | May occur transiently or early in autoimmune thyroid disease |
High Elevation | Suggests active or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis |
Persistently high values suggest ongoing autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland.
🔁 Recommended Additional Tests
Test | Why It's Done |
|---|---|
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) | Best screening for thyroid function |
Free T3 and Free T4 | Measures active hormone levels |
Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) | Another marker of autoimmune thyroid disease |
Thyroid Ultrasound | Evaluates goiter, nodules, or inflammation |
Thyroid Scan (if needed) | To assess gland uptake in hyperthyroid cases |
👩⚕️ Who Should Get This Test?
- Individuals with:
- Goiter
- Symptoms of hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain, dry skin)
- Family history of thyroid disorders
- Other autoimmune diseases
- Women planning pregnancy or with recurrent miscarriages
📌 Summary Table
Test | Anti-Microsomal (Anti-TPO) Antibody |
|---|---|
Organ | Thyroid gland |
Used for | Detecting autoimmune thyroid disease |
Associated conditions | Hashimoto’s, Graves’, postpartum thyroiditis |
Fasting Required | ❌ No |
Commonly Ordered With | TSH, Free T4, Anti-Tg, Thyroid Ultrasound |
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