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🧪 Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody) Test

Parameter	Details
Full Name	Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO)
Sample Type	Blood (Serum)
Fasting Required	❌ No
Test Method	ELISA or CLIA (Chemiluminescent Immunoassay)
Turnaround Time	1–2 days

🔬 What Is Anti-TPO?

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme essential for the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). The anti-TPO antibody is an autoantibody produced by the immune system that targets and attacks TPO.

Elevated anti-TPO levels indicate autoimmune thyroid disorders, where the immune system wrongly attacks the thyroid gland.

🧠 Organ Involved

Thyroid gland
Autoantibodies interfere with hormone production, leading to inflammation and thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism).

🎯 Why Is the Anti-TPO Test Done?

Purpose	Clinical Use
✅ Diagnose autoimmune thyroid disease	Especially Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease
🧪 Evaluate cause of hypothyroidism or goiter	If TSH is high or thyroid appears enlarged
👩‍🍼 Investigate pregnancy-related thyroid issues	To assess risk of postpartum thyroiditis or miscarriage
🩺 Monitor progression or recurrence	In patients with known autoimmune thyroiditis
📉 Support thyroid cancer risk screening	High anti-TPO is associated with higher risk

📊 Interpretation

Anti-TPO Level	Possible Interpretation
<35 IU/mL (Normal)	No autoimmune thyroid disease
35–100 IU/mL	Borderline / Mild elevation – monitor thyroid function
>100 IU/mL	Strongly suggestive of autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s)
>1000 IU/mL	Seen in severe autoimmune cases – often with hypothyroidism

Note: Reference ranges may vary by lab.

🧬 Associated Conditions

Condition	Relation to Anti-TPO
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis	Most common; almost all patients have elevated anti-TPO
Graves’ Disease	May show elevated levels (less common than Hashimoto’s)
Postpartum Thyroiditis	Occurs in some women within 1 year after delivery
Silent Thyroiditis	Temporary, painless inflammation; anti-TPO often positive
Subclinical Hypothyroidism	Anti-TPO may predict future overt hypothyroidism

🔁 Recommended Additional Tests

Test	Why It’s Useful
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)	Best first-line test to assess thyroid function
Free T3 and Free T4	Measures circulating thyroid hormones
Anti-Thyroglobulin (Anti-Tg)	May be elevated in autoimmune thyroiditis
Thyroid Ultrasound	Assesses goiter, nodules, and inflammation
Thyroid Scan (if indicated)	To evaluate overactive nodules or Graves' disease

👩‍⚕️ Who Should Get This Test?

Individuals with symptoms of hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance)
Patients with goiter or thyroid nodules
Pregnant women with a family history of thyroid disorders
Patients with other autoimmune conditions (like Type 1 diabetes, lupus)
Women with infertility or history of recurrent miscarriage

📌 Summary Table

Test	Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody)
Sample Type	Serum
Fasting Required	❌ No
Key Use	Diagnose autoimmune thyroid disease
High Values Suggest	Hashimoto’s, Graves’ disease, silent or postpartum thyroiditis
Follow-Up Tests	TSH, Free T3/T4, Anti-Tg, Ultrasound

Anti TPO

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