Apolipoprotein - B
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Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is the primary protein found in atherogenic lipoproteins, including: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein (IDL), Lipoprotein(a)
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🧪 Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) Test
Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
Sample Type | Blood (Serum) |
Fasting Required | ✅ Recommended (8–12 hours for most accurate lipid analysis) |
Method | Immunoturbidimetry / Nephelometry |
Turnaround Time | 1–2 working days |
🔬 What Is Apo B?
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is the primary protein found in atherogenic lipoproteins, including:
- Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
- Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
- Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
- Lipoprotein(a)
Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle has one Apo B molecule, so the Apo B level reflects the total number of atherogenic particles in the blood.
Apo B gives a more precise risk estimate of heart disease than LDL cholesterol alone.
🧠 Organs/System Involved
Organ/System | Function |
|---|---|
Liver | Synthesizes Apo B-containing lipoproteins |
Cardiovascular | Apo B-rich particles contribute to plaque formation (atherosclerosis) |
🎯 Why Is This Test Done?
Purpose | Use Case |
|---|---|
✅ Assess cardiovascular risk | Better predictor than LDL in many individuals |
🧬 Diagnose atherogenic dyslipidemia | Especially in metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes |
📈 Monitor lipid-lowering therapy | Track response to statins or lifestyle modifications |
🔬 Clarify LDL discrepancies | When LDL-C is normal but risk seems elevated |
📊 Interpretation of Results
Apo B Levels | Cardiovascular Risk Interpretation |
|---|---|
< 90 mg/dL | Optimal (low risk) |
90–120 mg/dL | Borderline risk |
> 120 mg/dL | High risk |
> 130 mg/dL (esp. in diabetes) | Significantly elevated risk |
Lower Apo B = fewer atherogenic particles = lower risk of heart attack/stroke.
🧬 Associated Conditions
Condition | Relevance to Apo B |
|---|---|
Coronary artery disease (CAD) | Apo B promotes plaque formation |
Type 2 diabetes | Increased small dense LDL (high Apo B) |
Familial hypercholesterolemia | Very high Apo B levels common |
Metabolic syndrome | Apo B often elevated even if LDL is normal |
Obesity | Apo B elevated due to poor lipid metabolism |
🔁 Recommended Additional Tests
Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) | Used to calculate the Apo B : Apo A1 Ratio – a powerful CVD predictor |
Lipid Profile | Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides |
Lipoprotein(a) | Inherited risk factor for CVD |
hs-CRP | Assesses vascular inflammation |
Homocysteine | Linked to endothelial dysfunction |
HbA1c / FBS | Evaluate for diabetes/metabolic syndrome |
👨⚕️ Who Should Get the Apo B Test?
- Individuals with:
- Family history of heart disease
- Elevated LDL or triglycerides
- Diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome
- Low HDL but normal LDL
- Normal cholesterol but high cardiovascular risk suspicion
- People on statin therapy (to monitor residual risk)
📌 Summary Table
Test | Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) |
|---|---|
Measures | Number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles |
Organ/System | Liver, cardiovascular |
Fasting Required | ✅ Recommended |
Risk Indicator | High Apo B = increased risk of heart disease |
Common Add-On Tests | Apo A1, Apo B:A1 Ratio, Lipid Profile, hs-CRP, Lp(a) |
Best Used For | Cardiovascular risk evaluation, statin response monitoring |
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