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Brucella IgM

Unit Test
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Report in 132Hrs

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No Fasting Required

Details

Brucella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that causes brucellosis, a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans from infected animals (especially cattle, goats, sheep, pigs)

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Brucella IgM Test Information Guide

  • Brucella IgM
    • Why is it done?
      • Detects IgM antibodies produced in response to Brucella infection, indicating acute or early-stage brucellosis
      • Ordered when patients present with fever, joint pain, fatigue, and night sweats suggestive of brucellosis
      • Used in occupational exposure cases (farmers, veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers)
      • Performed as part of differential diagnosis for undifferentiated fever, particularly in endemic regions
      • Typically ordered during the acute phase of infection (first 1-4 weeks of illness)
      • Used to distinguish acute infection from chronic brucellosis when combined with IgG testing
    • Normal Range
      • Normal Result: Negative or <1:40 titer (varies by laboratory; may also be reported as <0.8 IU/mL or optical density <0.1)
      • Positive Result: ≥1:40 titer or ≥0.8 IU/mL; indicates presence of anti-Brucella IgM antibodies
      • Borderline/Equivocal: 1:20-1:40 titer; repeat testing recommended after 7-10 days
      • Units of Measurement: Titer (dilution ratio), IU/mL (International Units per milliliter), or optical density (OD) units
      • Interpretation: Normal (negative) indicates absence of acute Brucella infection; abnormal (positive) suggests recent or acute infection
    • Interpretation
      • Positive IgM (≥1:40 or ≥0.8 IU/mL): Indicates acute Brucella infection within the last few weeks; patient likely has active brucellosis
      • Negative IgM (<1:40): May indicate no acute infection, chronic infection, early infection before antibody development (window period), or previous infection with immunity
      • High IgM Titer (≥1:320): Suggests recent onset of acute infection; more likely to indicate active disease
      • Paired Serology (IgM + IgG): IgM+ IgG- = acute infection; IgM+ IgG+ = early-stage or progressive infection; IgM- IgG+ = chronic or past infection
      • Rising Titer (Serial Testing): Fourfold or greater increase in IgM between paired samples strongly suggests acute infection
      • Factors Affecting Results: Timing of test (early symptoms may show negative results), recent vaccination, cross-reactivity with other infections, immunocompromised status
    • Associated Organs
      • Primary Organ Systems: Immune system (produces antibodies); reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen, lymph nodes are primary sites of infection)
      • Brucellosis-Associated Conditions: Acute febrile illness, undulant fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
      • Systemic Manifestations: Arthralgia and arthritis (especially knees, hips, shoulders), osteomyelitis, endocarditis, meningitis, neurobrucellosis
      • Reproductive System: Epididymitis, orchitis, and abortion in pregnancy (particularly in first trimester)
      • Potential Complications: Chronic brucellosis with relapsing fevers, chronic arthritis, cardiac complications, neurological sequelae if untreated
    • Follow-up Tests
      • Brucella IgG Test: Essential to differentiate acute from chronic infection; presence of IgG suggests more advanced or chronic disease
      • Blood Culture: Gold standard for diagnosis; performs best in acute phase; may require prolonged incubation (15-30 days)
      • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Useful for confirmation; detects bacterial DNA; particularly helpful in early phase before antibodies develop
      • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Identifies anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis associated with brucellosis
      • Liver Function Tests: Evaluates hepatic involvement (elevated transaminases common)
      • Repeat Serology: Recommended 7-10 days after initial test if initial result is negative or borderline; a rising titer supports diagnosis
      • Imaging Studies: Ultrasound or CT scan if complications suspected (hepatosplenomegaly, osteomyelitis); echocardiography for endocarditis
      • Monitoring: Post-treatment serology at 3-6 months to document decline in antibody titers; confirms treatment efficacy
    • Fasting Required?
      • Fasting Required: No
      • Special Preparations: None required; routine blood draw procedure applies
      • Medications: No medications need to be stopped; continue all regular medications as prescribed
      • Patient Instructions: Inform healthcare provider about occupational exposure history, contact with animals, or ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products
      • Sample Type: Serum (blood sample collected in a standard vacuum tube, typically a serum separator tube)
      • Collection Timing: Best performed during acute phase (first 1-4 weeks of illness); repeat testing after 7-10 days may improve diagnostic yield

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