Cardiolipin Antibody (ACL) -IgG
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The IgG isotype is the most specific and clinically relevant for diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune disorder characterized by: Blood clots (venous/arterial), Recurrent miscarriages, Thrombocytopenia
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🧪 Cardiolipin Antibody (IgG)
Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
Sample Type | Blood (Serum) |
Fasting Required | 🚫 Not required |
Main System Involved | Immune system, cardiovascular system, reproductive system |
Clinical Use | Screening and diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), especially in autoimmune conditions or unexplained thrombosis or miscarriages |
🔍 What is a Cardiolipin IgG Antibody?
Cardiolipin antibodies are autoantibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes. The IgG isotype is the most specific and clinically relevant for diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune disorder characterized by:
- Blood clots (venous/arterial)
- Recurrent miscarriages
- Thrombocytopenia
📈 Reference Ranges
Result | Interpretation |
|---|---|
< 12 GPL units | Negative (normal) |
12–20 GPL units | Borderline – needs monitoring or repeat testing |
> 20 GPL units | Positive – significant for autoimmune activity/APS |
GPL units = IgG Phospholipid Units
🧪 When is Cardiolipin IgG Ordered?
Clinical Scenario | Reason |
|---|---|
✅ Unexplained venous or arterial clots | To rule out APS |
✅ Recurrent miscarriages or stillbirths | Particularly in second or third trimester |
✅ Stroke or TIA in young patients | Especially with no traditional risk factors |
✅ Suspected SLE or other autoimmune diseases | Often co-occurs with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
✅ Prolonged APTT or abnormal coagulation | Rule out lupus anticoagulant and associated antibodies |
🔬 Related Conditions
🧬 Diseases Commonly Associated with Elevated ACL-IgG:
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome (Primary or Secondary)
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Thrombophilia (Hypercoagulable states)
- Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
- Sneddon Syndrome (vascular condition with strokes & livedo reticularis)
🔁 Transient Increases May Occur in:
- Infections (e.g., syphilis, hepatitis C, HIV)
- Certain medications
- Acute illness (usually resolve)
🧪 Other Tests Commonly Done With ACL-IgG
Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
ACL-IgM and ACL-IgA | Broader antibody spectrum in APS |
Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 Antibodies | More specific markers for APS |
Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) | Functional clotting test for APS diagnosis |
ANA & dsDNA | Assess for systemic lupus erythematosus |
APTT/PT/INR | Check clotting function |
Antithrombin III / Protein C/S | Evaluate overall thrombosis risk |
📋 Summary Table
Test Name | Cardiolipin Antibody (IgG) |
|---|---|
Sample Type | Blood (serum) |
Fasting Required | No |
Typical Reference Range | <12 GPL units (Negative); >20 = Positive |
Used For | Diagnosing APS, recurrent pregnancy loss, unexplained clots |
Often Paired With | ACL IgM, β2GP1 IgG/IgM, Lupus anticoagulant |
Follow-Up | Retesting in 12 weeks if APS is suspected |
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