Globulin
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Group of blood proteins involved in immune function
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🧪 What is Globulin?
Globulins are a group of blood proteins that play important roles in:
- Immune function (immunoglobulins or antibodies)
- Blood clotting
- Inflammation response
- Transport of substances like hormones and metals
Globulin levels are commonly reported as part of a Liver Function Test (LFT) or Total Protein test, and may be categorized into:
- Alpha-1 globulins
- Alpha-2 globulins
- Beta globulins
- Gamma globulins (mostly immunoglobulins)
❓ Why is the Globulin Test Done?
To:
- Evaluate immune function
- Assess liver health
- Detect chronic inflammation, infections, immune disorders
- Help diagnose certain cancers like multiple myeloma or lymphoma
- Evaluate protein-losing conditions (kidney, gut)
📊 Normal Range
Test | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Total Globulin | 2.0 – 3.5 g/dL (grams per deciliter) |
A/G Ratio (Albumin/Globulin) | >1 is normal (usually 1.0 – 2.1) |
Note: Total protein = Albumin + Globulin
A low A/G ratio means higher globulin; high ratio may suggest low globulin or high albumin
📈 Interpretation of Results
Result | Possible Interpretation |
|---|---|
Low Globulin (< 2.0 g/dL) | - Liver dysfunction |
High Globulin (> 3.5 g/dL) | - Chronic inflammation |
🧠 Associated Organs and Conditions
Organ/System | Conditions |
|---|---|
Liver | Cirrhosis, hepatitis, synthetic dysfunction |
Immune System | Immunoglobulin disorders, autoimmune diseases |
Bone Marrow | Multiple myeloma, lymphoma |
Kidney | Nephrotic syndrome (globulin loss) |
GI tract | Protein-losing enteropathy |
🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests
- Total Protein + Albumin
- A/G Ratio
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) – to identify monoclonal gammopathy
- Immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM)
- Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
- Renal Function Tests (RFTs)
- ANA, RF, CRP, ESR – if autoimmune disease suspected
✅ Fasting Required?
Parameter | Fasting Requirement |
|---|---|
Globulin | ❌ Not mandatory, but fasting (8–10 hours) may improve accuracy of associated protein tests (e.g., albumin, LFT) |
📝 Summary Table
Parameter | Summary |
|---|---|
What | Measures blood globulin levels, important for immune response, inflammation, and transport |
Why Test | To assess liver function, immune disorders, infections, malignancies |
Normal Range | 2.0 – 3.5 g/dL |
Low Globulin | Liver/kidney disease, immunodeficiency |
High Globulin | Chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, plasma cell disorders |
Follow-up Tests | A/G ratio, SPEP, immunoglobulin profile, LFT, CRP |
Fasting Required | ❌ No, but optional 8–10 hr fasting improves protein accuracy |
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