Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
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Group of blood proteins involved in immune function
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🧪 **What is Immunoglobulin G (IgG)?
IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in the blood and extracellular fluid. It provides long-term protection by neutralizing bacteria, viruses, and toxins after exposure or vaccination.
- It is the only antibody that can cross the placenta to protect newborns.
- Exists in four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) with different immune roles.
❓ Why is the IgG Test Done?
To:
- Evaluate overall immune status
- Diagnose or monitor chronic infections
- Identify autoimmune disorders or immunodeficiencies
- Detect monoclonal gammopathies (e.g., IgG myeloma)
- Assess response to vaccination
- Investigate recurrent infections or inflammatory diseases
📊 Normal Range
Age Group | IgG Reference Range |
|---|---|
Adults | 700 – 1600 mg/dL (ranges may vary by lab) |
Children | Varies by age; increases with growth and immune maturity |
📈 Interpretation of Results
IgG Level | Interpretation |
|---|---|
High IgG | May suggest chronic infections (e.g., TB, hepatitis), autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), chronic liver disease, or IgG multiple myeloma |
Low IgG | Indicates immunodeficiency (e.g., CVID, X-linked agammaglobulinemia), protein-losing enteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, or hematological malignancy |
Persistent low IgG may predispose to recurrent bacterial infections, especially of the sinopulmonary tract.
🧠 Associated Conditions
System | Common Conditions |
|---|---|
Immune | CVID, SCID, IgG subclass deficiency |
Autoimmune | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis |
Hematologic | IgG myeloma, MGUS |
Infectious | Chronic viral/bacterial infections |
Gastro/renal | Protein-losing enteropathy, nephrotic syndrome |
🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests
- IgA, IgM levels – for complete immunoglobulin panel
- IgG subclass analysis – when total IgG is normal but infections persist
- Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) – to identify monoclonal bands
- Free light chain assay (κ/λ ratio) – for multiple myeloma suspicion
- Tetanus/rubella antibody titers – to assess functional IgG response
- B cell count (CD19/CD20) – for immunodeficiency evaluation
✅ Fasting Required?
Test | Fasting Requirement |
|---|---|
IgG | ❌ No fasting required |
📝 Summary Table
Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
What | Measures Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – the main antibody in long-term immunity |
Why | To assess immune function, diagnose infections, autoimmune diseases, or plasma cell disorders |
Normal Range | 700–1600 mg/dL (adults) |
High Result | Chronic infection, autoimmune disease, IgG myeloma |
Low Result | Immunodeficiency, protein loss, nephrotic syndrome |
Follow-up Tests | IgA, IgM, IgG subclasses, SPEP, κ/λ ratio |
Associated Conditions | SLE, myeloma, CVID, chronic infections |
Fasting Required | ❌ No |
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