Pheripheral Blood Smear
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Qualitative test used to detect a wide variety of hematologic disorders
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🧪 **What is a Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)?
A Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)** is a diagnostic test where a drop of blood is spread thinly onto a glass slide, stained (commonly with Wright or Giemsa stain), and examined under a microscope. It provides a visual evaluation of:
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Platelets
It is used to assess cell size, shape, number, maturity, and the presence of abnormal forms or parasites.
❓ Why is the Test Done?
To investigate:
- Unexplained anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia
- Abnormal findings on Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Suspected infections (e.g., malaria, filaria, babesiosis)
- Blood cancers like leukemia or lymphoma
- Hemolytic disorders
- Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., B12, folate, iron)
🔬 What Does It Examine?
Component | Assessed For |
|---|---|
RBCs | Size (micro/macrocytic), shape (sickle, schistocytes, spherocytes), color (hypochromia), inclusion bodies |
WBCs | Number, maturity, abnormal forms (blasts, toxic granulation) |
Platelets | Size, number, clumping |
Parasites | Plasmodium (malaria), microfilaria, Trypanosoma |
📊 Common Abnormal Findings & Interpretation
Finding | Possible Diagnosis |
|---|---|
Anisocytosis | Size variation – Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia |
Poikilocytosis | Shape variation – Sickle cell disease, thalassemia |
Schistocytes | Fragmented cells – MAHA, DIC, TTP |
Spherocytes | Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis |
Target cells | Thalassemia, liver disease |
Acanthocytes | Liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia |
Blast cells | Leukemia |
Toxic granulation | Severe infection or inflammation |
Parasites | Malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis |
🧠 Associated Organs & Conditions
System | Associated Conditions |
|---|---|
Hematologic | Anemias, leukemias, thrombocytopenia |
Infectious | Malaria, dengue, parasitemia |
Immune | Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ITP |
Nutritional | Iron, B12, or folate deficiency |
Hepatic | Liver disease-related RBC changes |
🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Reticulocyte Count
- Iron Studies
- Vitamin B12 & Folate
- Coagulation Profile
- Bone Marrow Biopsy (if blasts or unexplained cytopenias)
- LDH, Bilirubin, Haptoglobin (for hemolysis)
✅ Fasting Required?
Test | Fasting Required |
|---|---|
Peripheral Blood Smear | ❌ No |
📝 Summary Table
Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
What | Microscopic evaluation of blood cells on a stained slide |
Why | Diagnose blood disorders, infections, cancers |
Normal | Normal morphology of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
Abnormal Findings | Schistocytes, blasts, spherocytes, target cells |
Follow-up Tests | CBC, iron/B12 studies, bone marrow exam |
Associated Conditions | Anemia, leukemia, infections, thrombocytopenia |
Fasting Required | ❌ No |
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