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🧪 What is Serum Sodium?

Serum Sodium measures the concentration of sodium ions (Na⁺) in the blood. Sodium is the primary extracellular cation essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

❓ Why is the Test Done?

To:

Assess electrolyte balance
Diagnose causes of hyponatremia (low sodium) or hypernatremia (high sodium)
Monitor hydration status
Evaluate disorders of kidney function, adrenal function, and fluid regulation
Guide management in conditions like dehydration, heart failure, liver disease, and SIADH

📊 Normal Range

Serum Sodium Level	Reference Range
Adults	135 – 145 mmol/L

📈 Interpretation of Results

Result	Possible Causes/Clinical Implications
Hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L)	Excess water retention, SIADH, diuretics, heart failure, renal failure
Hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L)	Dehydration, diabetes insipidus, excessive sodium intake, kidney dysfunction

🧠 Associated Conditions

Condition	Details
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)	Causes water retention and hyponatremia
Dehydration	Loss of water leading to hypernatremia
Kidney diseases	Impaired sodium excretion or retention
Heart failure	Fluid overload with hyponatremia

🔄 Related / Follow-Up Tests

Serum potassium, chloride, bicarbonate
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine
Serum osmolality
Urine sodium and osmolality
Adrenal and thyroid function tests

✅ Fasting Required?

Test	Fasting Required
Serum Sodium	❌ No

📝 Summary Table

Parameter	Details
What	Measures sodium concentration in blood
Why	Assess electrolyte and fluid balance
Normal Range	135–145 mmol/L
Low Sodium	Hyponatremia causes including SIADH, heart failure
High Sodium	Hypernatremia due to dehydration or kidney issues
Associated Conditions	SIADH, dehydration, kidney and heart diseases
Follow-up Tests	Electrolytes panel, osmolality, renal and adrenal tests
Fasting Required	❌ No

Sodium

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