Urine Complete
Kidney0 parametersReport in 4HrsAt Home
No Fasting Required
Details
Microscopic and chemical analysis of urine including pH, protein, glucose, RBCs, WBCs, and crystals.
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Urine Complete - Comprehensive Medical Test Guide
- Why is it done?
- Screens for urinary tract infections (UTIs) by detecting bacteria, white blood cells, and nitrites in urine
- Evaluates kidney and bladder function by assessing protein, glucose, and blood in urine
- Detects systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease
- Identifies metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus and liver disease
- Part of routine health screening during physical examinations and pre-operative assessments
- Monitors treatment effectiveness in patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes
- Performed when patients present with dysuria, frequency, urgency, or other urinary symptoms
- Normal Range
- Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow; clear without cloudiness
- Color: Pale to deep yellow (depends on hydration status)
- Odor: Slightly aromatic or characteristic urine odor
- pH: 4.5 to 8.0 (normal is slightly acidic)
- Specific Gravity: 1.005 to 1.030 (indicates hydration and kidney concentrating ability)
- Protein: Negative or <150 mg/day (trace amounts may be normal)
- Glucose: Negative or <5 mg/dL (not normally filtered by kidneys)
- Ketones: Negative (absent in normal urine)
- Bilirubin: Negative (should not be present)
- Urobilinogen: 0.1-1.0 mg/dL (trace to 1 mg/dL is normal)
- Nitrites: Negative (indicates absence of gram-negative bacteria)
- Leukocyte Esterase: Negative (absence of white blood cells)
- Blood/Hemoglobin: Negative (should not be present)
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs): 0-3 per high-power field (hpf); <5 RBCs/μL
- White Blood Cells (WBCs): 0-5 per high-power field (hpf); <5 WBCs/μL
- Epithelial Cells: 0-5 per low-power field (squamous cells; few are normal)
- Casts: 0-2 hyaline casts per low-power field (may be absent or trace)
- Crystals: Negative or occasional (presence may indicate kidney stones or metabolic disorders)
- Bacteria: Absent or none (presence indicates possible infection)
- Interpretation
- Appearance and Color Abnormalities:
- Cloudy urine may indicate UTI, kidney disease, or presence of bacteria and WBCs
- Red or dark urine suggests hematuria (blood), rhabdomyolysis, or certain medications
- Brown urine may indicate bilirubinuria or myoglobinuria
- Very pale or clear urine suggests over-hydration or dilute urine
- pH Abnormalities:
- High pH (>8): May indicate UTI with urease-producing bacteria, alkaline diet, or renal tubular acidosis
- Low pH (<4.5): Suggests acidic urine from high protein diet, diabetes, or metabolic acidosis
- Specific Gravity Abnormalities:
- High (>1.030): Indicates dehydration, diabetes mellitus, or acute glomerulonephritis
- Low (<1.005): Suggests excessive hydration, diabetes insipidus, or chronic kidney disease
- Protein Positivity:
- Trace to 1+: May indicate early kidney disease, fever, or intense exercise
- 2+ or greater: Suggests glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or diabetic nephropathy
- Glucose Positivity:
- Any positive result: Indicates diabetes mellitus (when fasting), uncontrolled hyperglycemia, or renal threshold dysfunction
- Ketones Positivity:
- Positive result: Suggests diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, severe dehydration, or high-fat diet
- Bilirubin Positivity:
- Positive result: Indicates liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis), biliary obstruction, or hemolytic anemia
- Elevated Urobilinogen:
- Elevated levels: Suggest hemolytic anemia, liver disease, or Crigler-Najjar syndrome
- Nitrites Positivity:
- Positive result: Indicates UTI with gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella); 90% specific for bacterial infection
- Leukocyte Esterase Positivity:
- Positive result: Suggests white blood cells in urine indicating UTI, pyelonephritis, or glomerulonephritis
- Blood/Hemoglobin Positivity:
- Positive result: Indicates hematuria (kidney stones, UTI, glomerulonephritis, prostate disease) or myoglobinuria from rhabdomyolysis
- Elevated RBCs (>3 hpf):
- Suggests kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal infarction, or bleeding disorders
- Elevated WBCs (>5 hpf):
- Indicates UTI, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, or contamination during collection
- Cellular Casts:
- WBC casts suggest pyelonephritis or interstitial nephritis
- RBC casts indicate glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis
- Granular casts suggest acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, or pyelonephritis
- Crystals:
- Calcium oxalate crystals: Suggest hyperoxaluria or kidney stone risk
- Uric acid crystals: Indicate gout, leukemia, or tumor lysis syndrome
- Phosphate crystals: Suggest high pH urine or urinary tract infections
- Bacteria:
- Moderate to many bacteria: Indicate bacterial UTI (confirmed with culture)
- Few bacteria with WBCs: Suggest contamination vs. true infection (culture confirmation needed)
- Appearance and Color Abnormalities:
- Associated Organs
- Primary Organ Systems:
- Kidneys (primary filtration organ)
- Urinary bladder and urethra (storage and elimination)
- Ureteral system (transport)
- Secondary Systems Affected:
- Liver (bilirubin metabolism)
- Pancreas (glucose regulation and metabolism)
- Immune system (response to infection)
- Prostate gland (in males; prostatitis can cause pyuria)
- Common Diseases Associated with Abnormal Results:
- Urinary Tract Infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis): Positive nitrites, WBC, bacteria
- Diabetes Mellitus: Glucose and possibly ketones positive
- Chronic Kidney Disease: Proteinuria, casts, abnormal cellular elements
- Glomerulonephritis: RBC casts, proteinuria, hematuria
- Nephrotic Syndrome: Heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), lipiduria
- Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis): Hematuria, crystals, pain
- Liver Disease: Bilirubinuria, elevated urobilinogen
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Glucose, ketones, and reduced pH
- Acute Kidney Injury: Variable findings depending on etiology
- Hemolytic Anemia: Hemoglobinuria, increased urobilinogen
- Rhabdomyolysis: Myoglobinuria (positive blood but no RBCs)
- Prostate Inflammation: WBCs, bacteria, pain on urination
- Gout: Uric acid crystals
- Potential Complications of Abnormal Results:
- Untreated UTI may progress to sepsis and organ failure
- Persistent proteinuria may lead to progressive kidney failure
- Uncontrolled diabetes can cause diabetic nephropathy
- Kidney stones can obstruct urine flow and cause kidney damage
- Untreated glomerulonephritis can rapidly progress to end-stage renal disease
- Primary Organ Systems:
- Follow-up Tests
- If Proteinuria is Present:
- 24-hour urine protein collection for quantification
- Serum creatinine and BUN (kidney function)
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
- Kidney ultrasound or CT imaging
- If Hematuria is Present:
- Cystoscopy (direct bladder visualization)
- CT or ultrasound imaging of kidneys and urinary tract
- Coagulation studies (if bleeding disorder suspected)
- If UTI/Bacteriuria is Suspected:
- Urine culture and sensitivity (gold standard for diagnosis)
- Repeat urinalysis after treatment
- If Glucose is Present:
- Fasting blood glucose
- Hemoglobin A1C (diabetes screening)
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
- If Ketones are Present:
- Serum or blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (emergency if DKA suspected)
- Venous or arterial blood gas analysis
- Serum glucose and electrolytes
- If Bilirubin/Urobilinogen is Elevated:
- Serum bilirubin (total and direct)
- Liver function tests (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT)
- Abdominal ultrasound or CT imaging
- If Casts are Present:
- Serum creatinine and BUN
- Kidney biopsy (if indicated by clinical findings)
- Immunological tests (anti-GBM, ANCA, ANA)
- Monitoring Frequency:
- Chronic kidney disease: Every 3-6 months or as directed by nephrologist
- Diabetes patients: Annually or more frequently if changes noted
- Recurrent UTI patients: After each infection and periodically
- Routine screening: As part of annual physical examination
- If Proteinuria is Present:
- Fasting Required?
- Fasting Status: NO - Fasting is not required for urinalysis
- Specimen Collection Timing: First morning urine is preferred as it is more concentrated and provides better results for detecting abnormalities
- Collection Method: Clean-catch midstream urine sample (most common) - patient must clean external genitalia with provided wipe, begin urination into toilet, then collect mid-stream into sterile container
- Special Handling Instructions: Specimen should be delivered to laboratory within 1-2 hours; if delay unavoidable, refrigerate at 2-8°C (not freezing)
- Medications to Avoid: Generally no medications need to be discontinued; however, some may affect results (inform healthcare provider of all medications): Pyridium (azo dye - colors urine), B vitamins (color urine), rifampicin (orange-colored urine), beets (red urine), phenolphthalein
- Pre-Test Preparations: Adequate hydration is acceptable and does not affect test validity; avoid excessive fluid intake immediately before testing; women should avoid collecting specimen during menstrual period if possible (may contaminate sample with RBCs); for men with suspected prostatitis, collect after prostate massage if directed
- Catheterized Specimens: For patients with indwelling catheters, clean-catheterized specimen or suprapubic aspiration may be required for accurate culture results
- Children and Infants: Special collection bags may be used for infants; suprapubic aspiration may be necessary for suspected UTI in neonates
How our test process works!
