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Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody

Diabetes
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Report in 168Hrs

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At Home

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No Fasting Required

Details

Autoantibody against zinc transporter.

₹3,300₹4,715

30% OFF

ZINC TRANSPORTER 8 (ZNT8) ANTIBODY TEST GUIDE

  • Why is it done?
    • Test Description: This test measures the presence of autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8), a protein found on the surface of pancreatic beta cells. ZNT8 antibodies are markers of autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
    • Primary Indications: Diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
    • Differentiation of Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes
    • Identification of autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA - Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)
    • Screening of at-risk family members of Type 1 diabetes patients
    • Monitoring progression from prediabetes to overt diabetes in autoimmune forms
    • Typical Timing/Circumstances: Performed at diagnosis of diabetes, particularly in children and young adults; as part of antibody panel (GAD65, IA-2, ZNT8); when clinical presentation is ambiguous; and during family screening programs.
  • Normal Range
    • Reference Values: Negative/Normal: Less than 20 nanoUnits per milliliter (nU/mL) or <0.02 Unit per milliliter (U/mL), depending on laboratory assay
    • Positive/Abnormal: Greater than or equal to 20 nU/mL or ≥0.02 U/mL
    • Units of Measurement: nanoUnits per milliliter (nU/mL) or Units per milliliter (U/mL); specific thresholds may vary by laboratory and assay methodology
    • Result Interpretation:
    • Negative Result: Absence of ZNT8 autoantibodies; suggests absence of autoimmune beta cell destruction or lower likelihood of Type 1 diabetes
    • Positive Result: Presence of ZNT8 autoantibodies; indicates autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, highly suggestive of Type 1 diabetes or other autoimmune forms
    • Normal vs Abnormal Meaning: Normal (negative) indicates no detected autoimmune marker for diabetes. Abnormal (positive) indicates presence of immune attack against pancreatic cells and strongly supports diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes rather than non-autoimmune forms.
  • Interpretation
    • Detailed Result Analysis:
    • Single Positive ZNT8 Antibody: Indicates autoimmune beta cell damage; at diagnosis, supports Type 1 diabetes classification; ZNT8 is often the last antibody to appear and may appear alone in late-onset cases
    • Multiple Positive Antibodies (ZNT8 + GAD65 ± IA-2): Highly specific for Type 1 diabetes; multiple positivity indicates more aggressive autoimmune process; associated with earlier disease onset in children
    • Negative ZNT8 with Other Positive Antibodies: Still confirms Type 1 diabetes diagnosis; ZNT8 is less sensitive than GAD65 and IA-2; its presence adds diagnostic certainty but absence does not exclude diagnosis
    • All Antibodies Negative: Suggests Type 2 diabetes or other non-autoimmune form; approximately 5-10% of clinically diagnosed Type 1 diabetes may be antibody-negative (possibly type 1b or idiopathic)
    • In At-Risk Family Members: Single positivity indicates increased risk of future diabetes development; multiple antibodies indicate substantially higher risk within 5-10 years; guides counseling and monitoring strategy
    • Factors Affecting Results:
    • Assay methodology and laboratory-specific thresholds
    • Disease duration (antibodies may decline over time in established diabetes)
    • Genetic factors and HLA type
    • Presence of other autoimmune conditions
    • Immunosuppressive therapies or therapies that may alter immune response
    • Clinical Significance: ZNT8 antibodies have approximately 50-80% sensitivity and >99% specificity for Type 1 diabetes; positive result significantly strengthens diagnosis and helps differentiate from Type 2 diabetes; prognostic value for disease progression and severity
  • Associated Organs
    • Primary Organ System: Endocrine pancreas (specifically pancreatic beta cells in islets of Langerhans)
    • Associated Conditions:
    • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM): Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency; ZNT8 antibodies diagnostic marker
    • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Slowly progressive autoimmune diabetes presenting in adults; often initially misdiagnosed as Type 2 diabetes; ZNT8 antibodies confirm autoimmune etiology
    • Associated Autoimmune Conditions: Celiac disease, thyroid disease (Hashimoto's), Addison's disease, and other autoimmune polyglandular syndromes often coexist with Type 1 diabetes
    • Potential Complications:
    • Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy (related to hyperglycemia and disease duration)
    • Macrovascular Complications: Premature cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Risk particularly in children and young adults with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes
    • Metabolic Disorders: Weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infections, metabolic syndrome
  • Follow-up Tests
    • Recommended Additional Tests Based on Results:
    • If ZNT8 Positive (or part of diagnostic workup):
    • GAD65 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) antibody testing - complementary autoimmune marker
    • IA-2 (Islet Antigen 2) antibody testing - additional autoimmune marker
    • Fasting glucose and HbA1c - assess glycemic control and disease progression
    • C-peptide level - assess remaining beta cell function
    • Thyroid function tests (TSH, Free T4) - screen for associated autoimmune thyroid disease
    • Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies and total IgA - screen for celiac disease
    • Lipid panel - baseline cardiovascular risk assessment
    • Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) - baseline kidney and liver function
    • Urinalysis and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) - assess kidney involvement
    • If Positive and Patient is At-Risk Relative:
    • Serial antibody testing every 6-12 months to track progression
    • Serial glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) or continuous glucose monitoring if indicated
    • Genetic HLA testing - may provide prognostic information
    • If Negative in Suspected T1DM:
    • Other diabetes markers (GAD65, IA-2) if not already done
    • Insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2) antibody - may catch cases with isolated IA-2 positivity
    • Reassess clinical presentation for Type 2 diabetes features
    • Ongoing Monitoring Frequency:
    • Newly diagnosed: Establish baseline, then every 3-6 months for first year
    • Established diabetes: HbA1c every 3 months during therapy adjustment, then every 6-12 months; annual screening for complications
    • At-risk relatives: Baseline screening, then every 1-2 years until age 45 or symptoms develop
  • Fasting Required?
    • Fasting Status: NO - Fasting is not required for ZNT8 antibody testing
    • Explanation: ZNT8 antibodies are immunoglobulins whose presence is independent of nutritional or metabolic state; the test measures protein markers rather than metabolites affected by eating
    • Patient Preparation Instructions:
    • Can eat and drink normally before the test
    • No medication restrictions specifically for this test
    • Continue all regular medications unless otherwise instructed by physician
    • Standard venipuncture precautions: Remain calm, avoid strenuous activity immediately before phlebotomy
    • Wear comfortable clothing with easily accessible veins in upper arm for blood draw
    • Inform phlebotomist of any bleeding disorders or anticoagulation therapy
    • Note on Concurrent Testing: If other tests requiring fasting (such as glucose or lipid panel) are being performed simultaneously, fasting may be required for those tests; follow specific instructions provided by healthcare provider for the complete panel

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